Equations used
Gravitational force: F = G × m₁ × m₂ ÷ r²
Gravitational acceleration: g = G × M ÷ r²
Weight: W = m × g
Free-fall velocity: v = u + g × t
Free-fall distance: s = u × t + ½ × g × t²
Circular orbital speed: v = √(G × M ÷ r)
Orbital period: T = 2π × √(r³ ÷ (G × M))
G is the gravitational constant, M is planet mass, m is object mass, r is distance from the planet’s centre, u is initial velocity, and t is elapsed time.
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